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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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032789
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03278900.024
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1990-09-17
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WORLD, Page 53TERRORISMLate Alarums, Failed Alerts"Toshiba bombs" had surfaced in advance of Flight 103
Just what do governments owe the traveling public by way of
warnings against possible terrorist attacks? A lot, say families
of the victims killed when Pan Am Flight 103 was blown out of the
sky over Scotland by a bomb on the night of Dec. 21. In the wake
of new disclosures last week suggesting that authorities on both
sides of the Atlantic had received several detailed and credible
alerts of a terrorist threat, many relatives want to know exactly
what American and British transport officials knew -- and when they
knew it. And then they want to know why nothing was done about it.
Controversy over the ill-fated flight revived when London's
Daily Mail obtained a memo from the British Ministry of Transport
dated Dec. 19. The alert warned British airlines and airports and
some foreign carriers of a new type of terrorist bomb, packed with
the Czechoslovak-made explosive Semtex, that could be hidden in a
radio-cassette player. The memo contained an elaborate list of
clues for detecting such devices, including the failure of the
cassette player to function normally and more wiring than usual for
a portable player. "Its sophistication, and the effort taken to
conceal it," said the warning, "suggest it could have been intended
for use against an aviation target in support of a `high risk'
operation."
The bomb that was detonated two days later aboard Flight 103
is thought to be similar to the one detailed in the memo. The
British bulletin was also distributed to U.S. airlines, but because
the packet of information included a color photograph, it had to
be sent by mail. A Pan Am spokeswoman said last week that that
warning did not reach the company's London office until Jan. 17.
The British disclosure of the hitherto unpublicized memo
prompted a belated admission by the U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration that almost identical alerts had been circulated to
American airlines for more than a month before the December
warning. On Nov. 18 an "aviation security bulletin" urged airlines
to be on the lookout for explosive-packed cassette recorders,
painstakingly describing the "Toshiba bomb." On Nov. 22 the British
issued a similar alert, but only to British airlines and airports.
As relatives of the Flight 103 victims know only too well, even
those warnings were not the first. In October, West German police
arrested a member of a Syrian-backed guerrilla group, the Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, and
discovered a Toshiba Boombeat Model 453 radio-cassette player
fitted with explosives and a barometric device designed to explode
at high altitudes. In the first week of November, the West Germans
held a conference in Wiesbaden to distribute information about the
construction of the bomb. Security specialists from Britain and the
rest of Europe attended.
On Dec. 9 there was another warning, this one from the FAA.
The reason: four days earlier, the U.S. embassy in Helsinki had
received an anonymous phone call from a person with a Middle
Eastern accent. The tipster stated that a man named Abdullah
planned to pass a device to a female Finnish passenger, who would
unwittingly transport it to Frankfurt, then onto a U.S.-bound
craft. U.S. and Finnish authorities dismissed the message because
the caller was a known hoaxer.
The Daily Mail's disclosure caused something of a feeding
frenzy among some other newspapers. At week's end there were
rampant reports that British authorities had identified those
responsible for causing the explosion aboard Flight 103 and were
on the verge of making an arrest. Those reports were dismissed by
a government official as "total nonsense."
Looking back, British opposition politicians were critical of
the authorities' apparent lack of response to the warning. They
indignantly demanded an investigation. Among the questions they
wanted answered: Was a cover-up under way to protect the Thatcher
government? Huffed Frank Dobson, shadow leader of the House of
Commons: "When is the Secretary of State (for transport) going to
come to the House and tell us the truth and the whole truth for
the first time?"
Despite the accusations of irresponsibility involved in this
particular case, the larger question remains unanswered. As the FAA
noted in December, it and the airlines constantly receive terrorist
threats. To publish them all would effectively halt air travel and
give the terrorists an unprecedented victory.